William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1001 Words

Scene Analysis Act 1, Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet involves five drastically different characters, all with varying goals and personality traits: Tybalt, Lord Capulet, Romeo, Juliet, and the Nurse. Tybalt’s defining traits are his hot-headedness and hatred of peace. His temper and protectiveness lead to a desire to protect the Capulets from any Montague intrusion. His arrogance also plays a large role; by challenging someone to a fight, he can display his skills in combat. To outsiders, Lord Capulet may seem vastly different from Tybalt, seeming jovial, but within his family, he is similarly short-tempered. While he wants his guests to enjoy themselves in order to be a polite host, he also wants to avoid breaking the law against public fighting. Therefore, when Tybalt readies himself to fight Romeo, Capulet steps in and admonishes him in order to avoid tarnishing his reputation. Romeo, on the other hand, is quick to love and quick-- almost hasty- in acting. He longs for something (such as the party) to take his mind off Rosaline, but his belief in fate does not entirely allow him to do so, as he had previously believed horrible events would take place if he went to the party. This belief causes him to exit abruptly, despite having just met Juliet. Juliet herself is lonely and simultaneously standoffish and naive. She wishes to find someone she truly loves, and finds this in Romeo. Although her defensive nature makes her reject him at first, her naivety eventually leads herShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Chemistry Study Guide (Exam 2) Free Essays

Examination #2 – Chapters 4,5, and 6 Study Guide Chapter 4 – Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions * Reactions Stoichiometry * mole-mole conversions * mass-mass conversions * Limiting Reactants * What is the Limiting Reagent * How do we find the L. R. * Solutions * Molarity – definition and how to calculate * Dilutions Calculations (M1V1 = M2V2, careful with M2) * Solution Stoichiometry * volume-volume conversions * volume-mass conversions * Molecular interpretation of solubility * solubility rules * Precipitation Reactions * Determining reaction products * Following Solubility rules Molecular Formula, Total ionic formula, net ionic formula * Acid-Base Reactions * Oxidation-Reduction reactions * Identify odixation states * Identify which species was oxidized and reduced Chapter 5 – Gases * Pressure – definition * Simple Gas Laws * Boyle’s Law – pV * Charles’s Law – P/T * Avogadro’s Law – nT * Ideal Gas L aws * pV=nRT * Density calculations * Molar Mass calculations * Molar Volume * Partial Pressures * Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures * Eudometer calculations * Gas Reaction Stoichiometry * Volume – moles conversions * Kinetic Molecular Theory * 4 components of the theory * You DO NOT need to know the derivation of I. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Study Guide (Exam 2) or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. L. * Effusion of Gases * Real Gases * van der Waals equation * Your extra credit question will have to do with this topic! * Atmospheric Chemistry * 3 types of pollution-very, very basic question Chapter 6 – Thermochemistry * Nature of Energy * System versus Surroundings * Definition of Energy, internal energy, law of conservation of energy * 1st Law of Thermodynamics * ? E = q + w * Sign convention, (is it positive or negative) * Heat and work * pV work * m Cs ? T heat transfer * conservation of thermal energy * Calorimetry * Constant volume calorimetry * only heat contributes to ? E * Enthalpy * Definition, equation Calculation using constant pressure calorimetry * Exothermic versus Endothermic reactions (sign of ? H) * Hess’s Law * Enthalpy of reactions manipulations * This is a hard topic, please, please, please review this after Wednesday! Examination #2 – Chapters 4, 5, and 6 Study Guide Chapter 4 – Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions * Reac tions Stoichiometry * mole-mole conversions * Needs a balanced chemical equation * **Again no clear examples. Let me know if you can find any** * mass-mass conversions * **No clear examples. Let me know if you can find any** * Limiting Reactants * What is the Limiting Reagent The limiting reagent is also known as the limiting reactant. It is the reactant that limits the amount of product in a chemical reaction. Notice that the limiting reactant is the reactant that makes the least amount of product. * How do we find the L. R. * Example: * How many grams of N2 (g) can be produced from 9. 05 g of NH3 (g) reacting with 45. 2 g of CuO (s)? Create and Balance a Chemical Equation: 2NH3 (g) + 3CuO (g) N2 (g) + 3Cu (S) + 3H2O (l) 9. 05 g NH3 x 1 mol NH3 x 1 mol N2 x 28. 02 N2 = (7. 44 g N2) 17. 04 g NH3 2 mol NH3 1 mol N2 45. 2 g CuO x 1 mol CuO x 1 mol N2 x 28. 2 N2 = (5. 31 g N2 Less = LR Cuo is the Limiting Reactant! * Solutions * Morality – definition and how to calculate * Defin ition: * Amount of solute (in moles) per amount of solution (in Liters) * Molarity (M) = Amount of Solute (in moles) Amount of Solution (in L) * **Side Note** * Homogenous Mixture = solutions (Salt Water) * Solvent (a component in a solution) : Majority component, what something is dissolved in. (Water) * Solute (another component in a solution) : Minority component, what is being dissolved (salt) * Example: What is the molarity of a solution containing 3. 4 g of NH3 (l) in 200. 00 mL of solution? Given: 3. 4 g of NH3M = moles of solute (NH3) 200. 00 mL L of Solution (200. 00 mL) Convert: 3. 4 g NH3 X 1 mol NH3 = (0. 20 mols NH3) 17. 04 G nh3 200 mL X 1 L = (0. 2L) 1000 mL M = 0. 20 mols NH3 / 0. 2 L = 1. 0 M NH3 **More examples in Notes! ** * Dilutions Calculations (M1V1 = M2V2, careful with M2) * Diluting a solution is a common practice and the number of moles of solute will not change! [ (M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2) ] * Examples: What is the concentration of a solution prepared by dilutin g 45. mL of 8. 25 M HNO3 to 135. 0 mL? M1V1 = M2V2 8. 25 M HNO3 X 0. 045 L = M2 X 0. 135 L 0. 135 L 0. 135 L M2 = 275 M HNO3 * Solution Stoichiometry * volume-volume conversions * When using morality, you can easily extract moles! * With a balance chemical equation, you can convert between amounts of substances. * Exampes: Look at notes OR page 145 TB * volume-mass conversions * Examples: Look at notes OR page 145 TB * **This wasn’t clear and If you know what this means, let me know. Or else I will ask Donavan on Saturday (Because there wasn’t a specific section for the two bullet points) Molecular interpretation of solubility * solubility rules – be familiar with the chart/table that Prof. Donavan gave out 2 interactive forces that affect solubility: 1. solute-solute interaction 2. solute-solvent interaction if solute-solvent interactions are strong enough, solute will dissolve (solute-solvent interaction ; solute-solute interaction) * Precipitation Reactions * Determining reaction products General Form: AX (aq) + BY (aq) AY (aq) + BX (s) Example: 2KI (aq) + Pb (NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s) * Following Solubility rules Molecular Formula, Total ionic formula, net ionic formula Examples: Molecular Formula: 2KOH (aq) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq) 2KNO3 (aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s) Total ionic formula: * 2K+ (aq) + 2(OH)– (aq) + Mg2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)– (aq) 2K+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) Net Ionic formula: (remove all spectator ions : ions that are aqueous as reactants and stay aqueous when they turn into products) Mg2+(aq) + 2(OH)-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) * Acid-Base Reactions General Form: HA (aq) + BOH (aq) H2O (l) + BA (aq) Example: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaCl (aq) * Oxidation-Reduction reactions Oxidation is the loss of electrons * Reduction is the gain of electrons * Oxidation states: charges that allow us to keep track of electrons in chemical reactions * Identify oxidation states 1. Charge states of neutral compounds are zero 2. Char ge of atoms in polyatomic ions need to add up to the total charge of the polyatomic 3. Keep Alkali metals as +1 alkali earth metals as +2 4. Keep F (fluorine’s) as -1 H as +1 O as -2 * Identify which species was oxidized and reduced * Look in last section of Chapter 4 Notes Chapter 5 – Gases * Pressure – definition Pressure: The force per unit area * Pressure comes from the constant interaction with a container * Standard Pressure = Normal Atmospheric Pressure * 760. 0 mm Hg = 1 atm * 760. 0 torr = 1 atm * 1. 000 atm * 101, 325 pa (pascals) = 1 atm * 14. 7 psi (lbs per square inch) = 1 atm * Example: * (45. 0 psi) x (101, 325 pa) x (1 k pa) _____________________________ = 310. kPa (14. 7 psi) x (1000 pa) * Simple Gas Laws * Boyle’s Law – pV * The volume of a gas inversely proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature and quantity of gas don’t change. * V= k/p Actual Equation: pV= K * Example: A balloon is put in a bell jar and the p ressure is reduced from 782 torr to 0. 500 atm. If the volume of the balloon is now 2. 78 x 10^3 mL, what was it originally? V1 = 782 torr x 1. 000 atm/760 torr = 1. 03 atm (1. 03 atm)(V1) = (. 500 atms)(2. 78 x 10^3 mL) After Rearranging the equation: V1= 1350 mL or 1. 35 x 10^3 mL * Charles’s Law – P/T * The volume of a gas is diretly proportional to its temperature, provided the pressure and quantity of the gas that don’t change. (V= KT) **Temp in Kelvin Only** * For changes in Volume (involving temperature): * V1/T1 = V2/T2 For Changes in Pressure: * P/T (initial) = P/T (final) * Example: (LOOK IN NOTES ) * Avogadro’s Law – nT * The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the quantity of gas, provided the pressure and temperature of the gas don’t change. (V=Kn) * For changes in volume (involving moles) * V1/n1 = V2/n2 * Example: (LOOK IN NOTES ) * Ideal Gas Laws * pV=nRT * NEED TO KNOW THIS FORMULA! * P = pressure (atm) * V = volume (L) * n = quantity (moles) * T = temperature (K) * R = Universal Gas Constant * (0. 08206 Latm/molK) OR * (8. 314 J/molK) * Example: (look in notes ) Density calculations * Density of a gas @ STP: * For an Ideal gas @ STP, the molar volume = 22. 7 L * Density = mass/volume = mass/1mole = molar mass/molar volum * volume/1mole * Density for a gas NOT @ STP: * If gas isn’t at stp * Then D = P(MM)/ RT or D = m/v * Molar Mass calculations * From the equations: pV = mRT/MM You get: MM = mRT/ pV * Example (Look in notes ) * Molar Volume * At STP, all ideal gases take up the same volume. * Molar Volume = # of L of gas 1 mole of gas This also works: V/n = RT/P * Partial Pressures Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures * The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures by each gas. * The pressure of a gas would exert if it were alone in a container. * You can calculate the Partial Pressure from Ideal gas Law * If 2 gases , A and B are mixed together * P(A) = (nA)( R)(T)/ (V) and P(B) = (nB)(R)(T)/ (V) * Since R, T, and V are all constant for a mixture * P(total) = P(A) + P(B) = (nTotal)(R)(T)/ (V) * nTotal = sum of nA + nB * Example: (Look in notes ) Eudiometer calculations * An Eudiometer is a gas collecting Tube * Example: 2Zn (s) + 6HCl (aq) 3H2 (g) + 2ZnCl3 (aq) H20 (l) H2O (g) P(total) = P(H2) + P(H20) (value may be looked up at table 5. 4) * 0. 12 moles of Hz is collected over H20 in a total 10. 0 L container at 323 K. Find the total pressure. P = nRT/V P(H2) = (0. 12 mol H2) (0. 08206 Latm/molK) (323 K)= 0. 3181 am (10. 0L) P(total) = P(H2) + P(H20) P(H2O) @ 50 degrees Celsius = 92. 6 mmHg P(total) = 240mmHg + 96. 6mmHg = 330mmHg * Gas Reaction Stoichiometry * General Concept plan on most problems: P, V, T of Gas A Amount A (in moles) Amount B (in moles) P, V, T of Gas B * Volume – moles conversions * Ex: Methanol CH3OH can be synthesized by the following reaction * CO2 (g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) * What is the volume (in liters) of h ydrogen gas @ a temperature of 355 K and pressure of 738 mmHG, is required to synthesize 35. 7 g of methanol * Given: 35. 7 g CH3OH temp: 355 K pressure: 738 mmHG * Find: V of H2 * 1. G of CH3OH mols * 35. 7g CH3OH x 1 mol CH3OH = 1. 1142 mol CH3OH 31. 04 g CH3OH * 2. Mol CH3OH mol H2 * 1. 11 mol CH3OH x 2 mols H2 = 2. 23 mols H2 1 mol CH3OH 3. N(mol H2), P, T VH2 * Convert your mmhg to ATM, and get . 971 atm * VH2= (2. 23 mol H2) (. 08206 l atm/ mol K) (355 K) = 66. 9 L .971 atm * VH2= 66. 9 L * Kinetic Molecular Theory * In this theory a gas is modeled as a collection of particles (either molecules or atoms depending on the gas ) in constant motion. * Ex, a single particle moves in a straight line until it collides with another particle (or with the walls of its container). * 4 components of the theory 1. Particles are infinitely small and have no volume 2. Average kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to the temperature (k). . Particles travel in two straight lines followi ng Newtonian Laws 4. All collisions are elastic (no attractive or repulsive forces) * You DO NOT need to know the derivation of I. G. L. * Effusion of Gases * Effusion: the process by which a gas escapes from a container into a vacuum through a small hole. * The rate of effusion (the amount of gas that effuses in an amount of time) is also related to the root mean square velocity * Rate is ? 1M * Grahms law of effusion: * The ratio of effusion rates of two different gases. * For example (look in notes, end of chapter 5) Real Gases * van der Waals equation is an equation used to correct for the discrepancies from the Kinetic Molecular Theory that real gases undergo. Real gases attract each other, therefore, real pressure ; ideal pressure. Real gases also take up space, therefore, real volume ; ideal volume. [P + a (n/v)? ] x (V – nb) = nRT where: a – corrects for molecular interaction. It makes the real pressure larger so it equals the ideal pressure b – corrects for molecular size. It decreases the volume of the container. * Your extra credit question will have to do with this topic! * Atmospheric Chemistry 3 types of pollution-very, very basic question * 3 types of pollution-very, very basic question 1. Hydrocarbon combustion for automobiles 2C8H18 + 2SO2 16CO2 + 18 H2O At high temperature, nitrogen can also be combusted, which causes a problem. N2 + O2 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) – photochemical smog (causes problem in the environment) 2. Combustion of coal from power plants (Ex. Electrical cars) C + O2 CO2 (Coal contains a significant amount of sulfur and it further combusts) S8 + 8O2 2SO3 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (H2SO4 results to acidification) But, people have found a way to eliminate the production of SO3 and that is by using â€Å"clean coal† and scrubbers. CaCO3 + SO2 CaO + CO2 CaO + SO2 CaSO3 (s) (calcium sulfite) 3. Stratospheric Ozone O3 + UV O2 + O (oxygen radical) O2 + O O3 + IR These two equations above just shows how ozone is used and how it is just regenerated again. But, in 1974, Sherwood Rowland discovered that CFCs from air conditioners, refrigerators, and spray cans destroy the atmospheric ozone. CF2Cl2 + UV CF2Cl + Cl (chlorine radical) Cl + O3 + UV O2 + ClO ClO + O O2 + Cl ( 1 Cl radical can destroy a hundred thousands of ozone) Practice test:  answer key Chapter 6 – Thermochemistry * Nature of Energy * System versus Surroundings System – the part of the universe we want to focus on (like a chemical reaction inside a beaker) Surrounding – everything else in the universe (like the glass of the beaker and the air around it) * Definition of Energy, internal energy, law of conservation of energy Energy is classified into two types: a. heat (q) – energy transferred that causes a temperature change (due to a change in the random motion of molecules) b. work (w) – energy transferred that causes an object to move (due to a change in the concerted motion of the molecules in the object) c. nits of energy: I. Joule (J) – the amount of energy it take to move 1kg mass a distance of 1 meter (unit: kg*m2/s2) II. Calorie (cal) – the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 ? C 1 kcal = 1000 cal (food calories) 1 cal = 4. 184 J (exact measurement) Internal Energy – total energy of a system. (Esystem) Law of conservation of energy – energy is neither created or destroyed, only transferred. * 1st Law of Thermodynamics – The change in energy of a system is equal to heat that enters the system plus the work done on the system. * ? E = q + w a. ?E = change in the internal energy of a system E is (+) if the energy is absorbed by the system ?E is (-) if the energy is released by the system b. q = heat q is (+) if the heat is absorbed by the system q is (-) if the heat is released by the system c. w = work w is (+) if the work is done on the system w is (-) if the work is done by the system on the surrounding * Heat and work * pV work – is defined by the equation: w = -p? V * m Cs ? T heat transfer – q = m Cs ? T where: m = mass Cs = specific heat capacity (J/ g ? C) ?T = (Tfinal – Tinitial) – q = n Cm ? T where: n = number of moles Cm = molar heat capacity (J/ mol ? C) ?T = (Tfinal – Tinitial) conserv ation of thermal energy – the amount of energy that is given must be equal with opposite sign to that energy that is being taken. qsurr = – (qsys) msurr Cs(surr) ? T(surr) = -[msys Cs(sys) ? Tsys] * Calorimetry * Constant volume calorimetry * Constant volume calorimetry – â€Å"bomb† calorimetry, no pv work done, therefore only heat contributes to ? E qcal = Ccal ? T = -qrxn where: Ccal = calorimeter constant (KJ/ ? C) * * only heat contributes to ? E * Enthalpy * Definition, equation Enthalpy (? H) – the heat absorbed or released during a process taking place at a constant external pressure. ?H = qrxn = -qsurr ?H = -( m Cs ? T) Calculation using constant pressure calorimetry – refer to example in notes * Exothermic versus Endothermic reactions (sign of ? H) Endothermic reactions have (+) ? H because they are reactions that absorb heat. Exothermic reactions have (-) ? H because they are reactions that give off heat. * Hess’s Law * Ent halpy of reactions manipulations 2 rules to remember: 1. If a reaction is reversed, the sign of ? H flips (from negative to positive or from positive to negative) 2. If you multiply coefficients by a number, ? H is also multiplied by that number. * This is a hard topic, please, please, please review this after Wednesday! How to cite Chemistry Study Guide (Exam 2), Essay examples

Blood Analysis Essay Example For Students

Blood Analysis Essay Blood is a fluid substance that circulates in the arteries and veins of thebody. Blood is bright red or scarlet when it has been oxygenated in the lungsand passes into the arteries; it becomes bluish red when it has given up itsoxygen to nourish the tissues of the body and is returning to the lungs throughthe veins and the tiny vessels called capillaries. In the lungs, the blood givesup the carbon dioxide wastes it has taken from the tissues, receives a newsupply of oxygen, and begins a new cycle. This movement of blood is broughtabout by the coordinate activity of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Bloodis composed of a yellowish fluid, called plasma, in which are suspended themillions of cells that constitute about 45 percent by volume of whole blood. Ithas a characteristic odor and a specific gravity between 1.056 and 1.066. In anaverage healthy adult, the volume of blood is one-eleventh of the body weight,or between 4.5 and 6 liters (5 and 6 qt). A great portion of the plasma i scomposed of water, a medium that facilitates the circulation of the manyindispensable factors of which blood is composed. A cubic millimeter of humanblood contains about 5 million red corpuscles called erythrocytes; 5000 to10,000 white corpuscles called leukocytes; and 200,000 to 300,000 plateletscalled thrombocytes. The blood also carries many salts and organic substances insolution. Blood type, in medicine, classification of red blood cells by thepresence of specific substances on their surface. Typing of red blood cells is aprerequisite for blood transfusion. In the early part of the 20th century,physicians discovered that blood transfusions often failed because the bloodtype of the recipient was not compatible with that of the donor. In 1901 theAustrian pathologist Karl Landsteiner classified blood types and discovered thatthey were transmitted by Mendelian heredity . The four blood types are known asA, B, AB, and O. Blood type A contains red blood cells that have a substance A on their surface. This type of blood also contains an antibody directed againstsubstance B, found on the red cells of persons with blood type B. Type B bloodcontains the reverse combination. Serum of blood type AB contains neitherantibody, but red cells in this type of blood contain both A and B substances. In type O blood, neither substance is present on the red cells, but theindividual is capable of forming antibodies directed against red cellscontaining substance A or B. If blood type A is transfused into a person with Btype blood, anti-A antibodies in the recipient will destroy the transfused A redcells. Because O type blood has neither substance on its red cells, it can begiven successfully to almost any person. Persons with blood type AB have noantibodies and can receive any of the four types of blood; thus blood types Oand AB are called universal donors and universal recipients, respectively. Otherhereditary blood-group systems have subsequently been discovered. The hereditaryblood constituent called Rh factor is of great importance in obstetrics andblood transfusions because it creates reactions that can threaten the life ofnewborn infants. Blood types M and N have importance in legal cases involvingproof of paternity. A chemist uses liquid chromatography to analyze a complexmix ture of substances. The chromatograph utilizes an adsorbtive medium, whichwhen placed in contact with a sample, adsorbs the various constituents of thesample at different rates. In this manner, the components of a mixture areseparated. Chromatography has many valuable applications, such as determiningthe level of pollutants in air, analyzing drugs, and testing blood and urinesamples. Gas chromatography separates the volatile constituents of a sample, andliquid/liquid chromatography separates small, neutral molecules in solution. Thegoal in conducting a separation is to produce a purified or partly purified formof the desired constituent for analytical measurement, or to eliminate otherconstituents that would interfere with the measurement, or both. Separation isoften unnecessary when the method is highly specific, or selective, and respondsto the desired constituent while ignoring others. Measuring the pH, or hydrogenion content, of blood with a glass electrode is an example of a me asurement thatdoes not require a separation step. QHP 7694 Head Space Sampler is a machinethat equilibrates the sample vials at the desired temperature for the specifiedtime period. A needle then punctures the teflon coated septum at the top of thevial and draws a measured sample of the vapor which it sends to the GasChromatograph. HP 5890 Gas Chromatograph. This machine takes the vapor from theHead Space Sampler and passes it through a packed column designed specificallyfor alcohol in blood. As the vapor passes through this column, differentcompounds will travel at different rates thus exiting at different times. As theseparated compounds exit, they pass through a Flame Ionizing Device (FID) whichconsists of a hydrogen-oxygen flame and ionizing detectors. The intensity of theionization is measured and sent to the computer for processing. Helium CarrierGas carries the vapors through the Gas Chromatograph. A Power Macintosh 7600 isused for report generation, correspondence and on lin e communication. Reportsare printed using a variety of laser printers to insure optimum print quality. .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .postImageUrl , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:hover , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:visited , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:active { border:0!important; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:active , .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691 .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua056e5496fc9013b856df2c893cff691:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Control Mechanism EssayBlood samples are quantitatively added to an aqueous solution into which aninternal standard has been added in order to compensate for samplingfluctuations within the Gas Chromatograph. Static head space methodology isemployed in which an aliquot of equilibrated vapor is injected and analyzed by aFlame Ionization Detector in the Gas Chromatograph,which consists of ahydrogen-oxygen flame and ionizing detectors. The intensity of the ionization ismeasured and sent to the computer for processing. Helium Carrier Gas carries thevapors through the Gas Chromatograph. Blood analysis is very important in manydifferent situations. For example, in forensics, if a bloodstain pattern isobtained, analysis is vital. BPA (Bloodstain Pattern Analysis) may on manyoccasions, clearly define the location of the victim or the assailant byestablishing the actions of either or both. Possible and impossible scenariosmay be established to determine if the victim, witness, orassailant isaccurately describing what took place. Some questions that may be answered are:What type of weapon or impact occurred to cause the bloodstains present? Howmany times was the victim struck ? Where was the victim at the time the injurieswere inflicted? Where was the assailant during and following the assault? Is thebloodstain evidence consistent with the medical examiner findings? Is thebloodstain evidence on the suspect and his clothing consistent with the crimescene? Numerous courts throughout the country have upheld the value andscientific reliability of BPA. Court case information is available upon request. BPA is a valuable asset during and after the initial investigation. BPA has beenextremely valuable during the establishment of the courtroom trial strategy. Blood analysis can be very important in testing for drugs. If drugs are in yoursystem, your blood can be tested using more sophisticated means than static headspace gas chromatography. You can also use urine tests and breath tests. Urine,however is the least reliable, while blood is the most. DNA Detection is a veryimportant part of blood analysis. Thanks to a powerful biochemical tool calledpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), it is possible to detect incredibly tinyamounts of particular DNA molecules. Even one single molecule can be enough! DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is the central molecule of life. It contains sequencesof information coded along its length. The information tells cells how to buildprotein molecules. PCR uses proteins called enzymes, combined with small piecesof DNA called primers. The primers match the sequence of the target molecule(the one being looked for) and the enzymes make lots more of any matchingmolecules. The result is that one matching molecule is multiplied into billions!DNA is very important because nobody has the same DNA pattern. Every singlepersons is different. DNA also lasts forever, it never disappears. Bibliographyhttp://www.letsfindout.com/subjects/body/rfipulma.html http://www.watchtower.org/medical_care_and_blood.htmhttp://www.letsfindout.com/subjects/body/veins.html http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/01579.htmlhttp://www.letsfindout.com/subjects/body/rfiblood.html Blood Encarta Encyclopedia Blood Type Encarta EncyclopediaForensics- Encarta Encyclopedia